Bridges-2 Extreme Memory is a specialized computing resource at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center designed for applications that require very large amounts of shared memory. It provides nodes with up to 4 TB of RAM, enabling workloads that cannot be efficiently parallelized across multiple nodes.
Extreme Memory (EM) nodes contain 96 CPU cores and are well suited for memory-intensive applications such as statistics, graph analytics, genome sequence assembly, and other data-intensive workloads.
Resources are allocated in core-hours (Service Units), allowing users to request the number of cores needed to obtain the required memory for their applications.
Jobs
Jobs run in the EM partition and are charged in core-hours, where 1 core-hour equals 1 Service Unit (SU). For example, using one full node (96 cores) for one hour results in 96 SUs. Specific details are documented on the Accounting for Usage page on the Bridges-2 guide.
Jobs can use at most one full EM node and must specify the number of cores requested. Core counts must be requested in multiples of 24 (24, 48, 72, or 96 cores). Memory is allocated proportionally based on the number of cores requested, at approximately 1 TB per 24 cores.
Users must also specify a walltime limit when submitting jobs, or system defaults will be applied.
For more detail, please visit the Bridges-2 Extreme Memory page or the Summary table for the EM partition on the Bridges-2 guide.
Note that the EM partition does not support interactive jobs or access through OnDemand. EM jobs must be submitted in batch mode. Because of this, EM jobs must be submitted from the command line on a Bridges-2 login node. Connect via SSH first (see the Login to Bridges-2 section below), then save your batch script to your file space and submit it with the sbatch command.
When the job is submitted, sbatch echoes back a job id. You can check your job's progress with:
squeue -u PSC-usernameA sample script job on the EM partition would look like this:
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH -N 1
#SBATCH -p EM
#SBATCH -t 5:00:00
#SBATCH -n 96
# type 'man sbatch' for more information and options
# this job will ask for 1 full EM node (96 cores) and 5 hours of runtime
# this job would potentially charge 480 EM SUs
# echo commands to stdout
set -x
# move to working directory
# this job assumes:
# - all input data is stored in this directory
# - all output should be stored in this directory
# - please note that groupname should be replaced by your groupname
# - PSC-username should be replaced by your PSC username
# - path-to-directory should be replaced by the path to your directory where the executable is
cd /ocean/projects/groupname/PSC-username/path-to-directory
#run pre-compiled program which is already in your project space
./a.outAfter that, you need a sbatch command to submit a job to the EM partition. An example requesting an entire node for 5 hours is:
sbatch -p EM -t 5:00:00 --ntasks-per-node=96 myscript.job
where:
-p indicates the intended partition
-t is the walltime requested in the format HH:MM:SS
--ntasks-per-node is the number of cores requested per node
myscript.job is the name of your batch script.Detailed information about batch jobs can be found in the Batch Jobs page of the guide.
Queue specifications
Metrics updated 2026-06-16
| Name | Purpose | Nodes | CPU cores / node | GPUs / node | Node RAM | Jobs
30 days
|
Wait Time
30-day trend
|
Wall Time
30-day trend
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EM | Extreme Memory jobs requiring very large shared memory. Designed for applications that require terabytes of memory and cannot use distributed-memory approaches. | 4 | Intel Xeon Platinum 8260M CPUs (96 cores) | — | 4 TB | 194 |
|
|
Software
The following software packages are among the most frequently used on Bridges-2 EM, based on job data from XDMoD.
Most Frequently Used
| Application | Description | Research Discipline | Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|
| python | Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It supports multiple programming paradigms and has a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks. | Computer & Information Sciences, Software Engineering, Systems & Development | 12,550 |
| r | R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows, and MacOS. | Computer Science | 58 |
| lammps | LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) is a classical molecular dynamics code designed for simulating large-scale atomistic systems. It is highly versatile and can be used to model a wide range of materials and complex molecular structures. | Chemical Sciences | 37 |
| q-espresso | 15 | ||
| samtools | Samtools is a suite of programs for interacting with high-throughput sequencing data generated in sequence alignment/map (SAM) format, such as those produced by the Short Read Mapping (SHRiMP) or Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) aligners. It allows various operations on SAM/BAM files, including indexing, sorting, merging, and manipulating sequence alignments. | Biological Sciences | 10 |
| gromacs | GROMACS (GROningen MAssive Parallel MD for Molecular Dynamics) is a versatile package for molecular dynamics simulations with a strong emphasis on high-performance computing capabilities. | Biological Sciences | 4 |
| cp2k | CP2K is an open-source quantum chemistry and solid state physics software package designed to perform atomistic simulations of solid-state, liquid, molecular, and biological systems. It can be used to study a wide range of properties, including electronic structures, molecular dynamics, and vibrational spectra. | Physical Sciences | 2 |
| orca | Orca is a flexible, efficient, and powerful quantum chemistry software written by Frank Neese and co-workers. It provides accurate and reliable computational simulations of molecular structures and properties based on quantum mechanical methods. | Chemical Sciences | 1 |
Datasets
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| 2019nCoVR: 2019 Novel Coronavirus Resource | COVID-19 genomic surveillance data and metadata (hosted by NGDC). Webpage: https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ncov/?lang=en. |
| AlphaFold | Predicted protein structures for the human proteome and other key proteins. Webpage: https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/. |
| CIFAR-10 | 60,000 labeled images across 10 classes; standard image-classification benchmark. Webpage: https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html.Path in Bridges-2: /ocean/datasets/community/cifar. |
| COCO | Large-scale image dataset for object detection, segmentation, and captioning. Webpage: https://cocodataset.org/. |
| CosmoFlow | ~10,000 cosmological dark-matter simulations. Access requires a request via the CosmoFlow request form. Webpage: https://portal.nersc.gov/project/m3363/. |
| ImageNet | Image dataset organized by WordNet hierarchy. Webpage: http://image-net.org/. |
| MNIST | Classic handwritten-digit dataset for image-processing benchmarks. Path in Bridges-2: /ocean/datasets/community/mnist. |
| Natural Languge Tool Kit Data | Corpora, grammars, and trained models for NLP. Webpage: http://www.nltk.org/nltk_data/. |
| OpenWebText | Path in Bridges-2: /ocean/datasets/community/openwebtext. |
| PREVENT-AD | Longitudinal multimodal data from cognitively healthy older adults at risk for Alzheimer's, from two prevention trials. Path in Bridges-2: /ocean/datasets/community/prevent_ad. |
| TCGA Images | Path in Bridges-2: /ocean/datasets/community/tcga_images. |
| Genomics datasets | These datasets are available to anyone with an allocation on Bridges-2. They are stored under /ocean/datasets/community/genomics. AUGUSTUS, BLAST, CheckM, Dammit, Homer, Kraken2, Pfam, Prokka Repbase
|
Storage
File System
| Directory | Path | Quota | Purge | Backup | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| $HOME | /jet/home/PSC-username | 25 GB | 3 months after allocation expires | Daily | |
| $PROJECT | /ocean/projects/groupname/PSC-username | 3 months after allocation expires | None | Quota size depends on allocation | |
| $LOCAL | Node-local (no global path) | Immediately after job ends | None | Quota varies by node type | |
| $RAMDISK | Node memory (no filesystem path) | Immediately after job ends | None | Quota depends on allocated node memory |
File Transfer
A variety of transfer methods are available for Bridges-2. All transfers must be initiated from your local machine through the dedicated Data Transfer Node (data.bridges2.psc.edu) rather than the login nodes, to avoid disrupting interactive use. DTNs are specifically built to be high-speed data connectors. Use rsync, scp, or sftp for standard command-line transfers, or Globus for large datasets or transfers with many files, since it can automatically retry and resume after interruptions.
For more information, please visit https://www.psc.edu/resources/bridges-2/user-guide#transferring-files and https://www.psc.edu/resources/bridges-2/user-guide#file-spaces.
| Supported Methods | Data Transfer Node | URL |
|---|---|---|
| GLOBUS | RECOMMENDED | PSC Bridges-2 /ocean and /jet filesystems | https://app.globus.org |
| RSYNC | data.bridges2.psc.edu | |
| SCP | data.bridges2.psc.edu | |
| SFTP | data.bridges2.psc.edu |
Login to Bridges-2 EM
2FA/MFA required for login
Bridges-2 can be accessed two ways: through OnDemand in a web browser, or via SSH from the command line. Both use your PSC credentials. When you connect, you are connecting to a Bridges-2 login node, which is meant for managing files, submitting batch jobs, and launching interactive sessions, not for production computing.
Before you connect, you must:
- Have an active ACCESS allocation on Bridges-2
- Have a PSC username and password. PSC usernames and passwords are the same across all PSC systems, so if you already have an active allocation on another PSC system, use those same credentials. Otherwise, set your password at the PSC password change utility.
Please also see the PSC Password Requirements.
Via OnDemand: Log in with your PSC credentials for a browser-based interface, file management, job submission, and interactive apps like Jupyter and RStudio, without the command line. You will still need to understand Bridges-2's partition structure and job limits. Use the yellow "ACCESS OnDemand Login" button below.
Via SSH:
1. Install an SSH client on your local machine if you don't already have one. Free clients are available for Mac, Windows, and Unix; macOS includes a command-line ssh in the Terminal app. PSC recommends HPN-SSH (High-Performance Networking SSH), which is the default implementation on Bridges-2's Data Transfer Nodes and requires no client-side changes to benefit from. Read more about it in the HPN-SSH PSC page.
2. Connect to hostname bridges2.psc.edu using the default port (22):
ssh PSC-username@bridges2.psc.edu3. Enter your PSC username and password when prompted.
4. On your first connection, your client will warn you that it has received an unknown host key. Choosing "Accept and save" logs you in and prevents the warning on future connections to that host.
More details about SSH in the About Using SSH page of the PSC guides.
Optional - public-private key authentication:
You can authenticate to PSC systems using a SSH public-private key pair by following these steps:
- Generate your public and private keys on your local machine. Your SSH client should provide a way to do this.
- Submit your public key to PSC via the PSC SSH Key Management system. Use your Kereberos password to gain access to the Key Manager.Within one business day, someone from PSC User Services will email you to verify the key addition.
- Once your key has been verified and installed, use the PSC SSH Key Management System to edit or delete your keys.
For more info about public-private keys, please visit the "Authenticating using a public-private key pair" section at the bottom of the About Using SSH page.